Eatock v Bolt [2011] FCA 1103 S 18 C Racial Discrimination Act
28 September 2011, Justice Bromberg
HUMAN RIGHTS – Part IIA Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) – offensive conduct based on race – newspaper articles and on-line blog articles – principles for determining imputations conveyed by articles – conventional meaning of ‘Aboriginal’ – whether Part IIA of the Racial Discrimination Act restricted to conduct based on racial hatred – whether articles were reasonably likely to offend, insult, humiliate or intimidate – whose reaction is to be assessed – relevance of community standards – ‘in all the circumstances’ – ‘reasonably likely – ‘offend, insult, humiliate or intimidate’
This proceeding raised for consideration Part IIA of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) (the RDA), including questions as to the balance sought to be struck by Part IIA between justifiable freedom of expression and the right to freedom from racial prejudice and intolerance.
The applicant (Eatock) complained that two newspaper articles written by a well-known journalist Andrew Bolt (Bolt), and published in the Herald Sun by the Herald and Weekly Times (HWT), conveyed racially offensive messages about fair-skinned Aboriginal people. In a class action brought on her own behalf and on behalf of a class identified as people who have a fairer, rather than darker skin, and who by a combination of descent, self-identification and communal recognition are, and are recognised as, Aboriginal persons, Eatock claimed that Bolt’s articles contravened s 18C(1) of the RDA, which relevantly provided:
(1) It is unlawful for a person to do an act, otherwise than in private, if:
(a) the act is reasonably likely, in all the circumstances, to offend, insult, humiliate or intimidate another person or a group of people; and
(b) the act is done because of the race, colour or national or ethnic origin of the other person or of some or all of the people in the group.
Bolt and the HWT denied that the elements of s 18C had been established and claimed that in any event, their conduct was exempted by s 18D of the RDA, which relevantly provided that:
Section 18C does not render unlawful anything said or done reasonably and in good faith:
…
(b)
in the course of any statement [or] publication…made…for any genuine… purpose in the public interest; or
(c) in making or publishing:
…
(ii) a fair comment on any event or matter of public interest…
Justice Bromberg determined that each of the elements required by s 18C was established and that the conduct of Bolt and HWT was not exempted from unlawfulness by s 18D. His Honour was therefore satisfied that each of Bolt and HWT had contravened s 18C of the RDA by reason of the writing and publication of the articles. As well as making a declaration of contravention, Justice Bromberg made orders which prohibited the re-publication of the articles and required HWT to publish corrective notices in the newspaper in which the articles had appeared.
In the course of his judgment and in construing s 18C of the RDA, Justice Bromberg held that:
(i) section 18C was not restricted to extreme racist behaviour based upon racial hatred or behaviour calculated to induce racial violence;
(ii) whether conduct is reasonably likely to offend a group of people, is to be analysed from the point of view of the ‘ordinary’ or ‘reasonable’ representative of that group, to whom will be attributed characteristics consistent with what might be expected of a member of a free and tolerant society;
(iii) the phrase ‘reasonably likely’ in s 18C(1)(a) refers to a chance of an event occurring or not occurring which is real, and not fanciful or remote; and
(iv) the phrase ‘offend, insult, humiliate or intimidate’ in s 18C(1)(a) does not extend to personal hurt which is unaccompanied by a public mischief of a kind that the RDA seeks to avoid and refers to conduct that has profound and serious effects.
Justice Bromberg held that Australian Aboriginal people are a race and have a common ethnic origin within the meaning of s 18C(1)(b) and that a person of mixed heritage but with some Aboriginal descent, who identifies as an Aboriginal person and has communal recognition as such, satisfies what is conventionally understood to be an Australian Aboriginal.
His Honour held that from the perspective of fair-skinned Aboriginal people, the articles contained imputations that:
- there are fair-skinned people in Australia with essentially European ancestry but with some Aboriginal descent, of which the individuals identified in the articles are examples, who are not genuinely Aboriginal persons but who, motivated by career opportunities available to Aboriginal people or by political activism, have chosen to falsely identify as Aboriginal; and
- fair skin colour indicates a person who is not sufficiently Aboriginal to be genuinely identifying as an Aboriginal person.
Justice Bromberg was satisfied that fair-skinned Aboriginal people (or some of them) were reasonably likely, in all the circumstances, to have been offended, insulted, humiliated or intimidated by the imputations conveyed by the articles. Further, Justice Bromberg was satisfied that the causal nexus required by s 18C was satisfied because the articles were calculated to convey a message about the race, ethnicity or colour of fair-skinned Aboriginal people, including as to whether those people were sufficiently of Aboriginal race, colour or ethnicity to be identifying as Aboriginal people.
In relation to the construction of s 18D of the RDA, Justice Bromberg held:
(i) the onus of proof under s 18D falls on a respondent; and
(ii) that an assessment of whether conduct is done ‘reasonably and in good faith’ within the meaning of s 18D, involves a consideration of both objective and subjective good faith. Objective good faith will be assessed by reference to the values underlying Part IIA.
Justice Bromberg concluded that the articles were not written ‘reasonably and in good faith’, as required by s 18D of the RDA. The inclusion of untruthful facts, the use of inflammatory and provocative language and the failure to minimise the potential harm to those likely to be offended denied to Bolt and the HWT, both the ‘fair comment’ exemption provided by s 18D(c)(ii) and the genuine purpose exemption provided by s 18D(b) of the RDA.
Anyone moronic enough to racially abuse someone is not going to stop to think whether he/she may be liable under s.18c of the RDA.
This is simply an attempt by the left and those with vested interests to close down debates before they even start.
And imagine the horror scenario of the Greens ever attaining some measure of political power in Australia. Imagine what those lunatics would have enshrined into law as hate/abusive/intimidating/offensive speech. There lies the slippery slope.
Free speech needs to be free (within the traditionally legal limits) or we might as well have no free speech. Someone with a barrow to push will always go out of their way to be offended by something in an attempt to shut someone else up.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (07:56am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (10:32am)
Recently “The Examiner” newspaper published an article written by a staff member in which petty complaints of doubtful veracity were made against people described as “Caucasian.”
A few references to non-Caucasians also appeared, always complimentary.
The clear message was that Caucasians were bad, non-Caucasians were good.
No problem for either author or newspaper. But had the article gone in the opposite direction, with Caucasians good and non-Caucasians bad, there would have been headlines around the world about endemic racism in Tasmania.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (10:50am)
Election NOW
Wed 30 Apr 14 (11:41am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (12:09pm)
Free speech is like pregnancy.
Either you have it or you don’t.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (07:56am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (07:59am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (10:02am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (10:21am)
Hate ... speech.
Do you know where the term “hate speech” comes from PSFR? It’s been the favorite tool of totalitarians everywhere, since 1948. No wonder Lefties love it.
“All western european countries have hate-speech laws. In 2008, the EU adopted a framework decision on “Combating Racism and Xenophobia” that obliged all member states to criminalize certain forms of hate speech. On the other side of the Atlantic, the Supreme Court of the United States has gradually increased and consolidated the protection of hate speech under the First Amendment. The European concept of freedom of expression thus prohibits certain content and viewpoints, whereas, with certain exceptions, the American concept is generally concerned solely with direct incitement likely to result in overt acts of lawlessness.
Yet the origin of hate-speech laws has been largely forgotten. (...) In fact, the United States and the vast majority of European (and Western) states were originally opposed to the internationalization of hate-speech laws. European states and the U.S. shared the view that human rights should protect rather than limit freedom of expression.
Rather, the introduction of hate-speech prohibitions into international law was championed in its heyday by the Soviet Union and allies. Their motive was readily apparent. The communist countries sought to exploit such laws to limit free speech.As Americans, Europeans and others contemplate the dividing line emerging on the extent to which free speech should be limited to criminalize the “defamation of religions” and “Islamophobia”, launched by the member states of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) since 1999, they should bear this forgotten history in mind. However well-intended —and its initial proponents were anything but well-intended — the Western acceptance of hate-speech laws severely limits the ability of liberal democracies to counter attempts to broaden the scope of hate-speech laws under international human rights law, with potentially devastating consequences for the preservation of free speech.” [My Emphasis.]
See Jacob Mchangama, ‘The Sordid Origin of Hate-Speech Laws’, in Policy Review No. 170. December 1, 2011 (Hoover Institution: Stanford University). http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/100866
Wed 30 Apr 14 (10:24am)
It is not for ANY GROUP to decide what is LEGAL speech and what isn’t, regardless of whether that group is the government, news readers, feel gooders, communists, greenies, totalitarians, arrogant boofheads or dinkface fartbreaths. It is up to the INDIVIDUAL to decide if he likes the speech and if not, then it is up to the INDIVIDUAL to reprimand the person, boycott him or otherwise criticise the speaker.
Making THOUGHTS illegal does not address the problem. Changing mindset is through good, old fashioned education, conscience, discipline, respect and politeness, NONE of which the vicious, hate-filled, totalitarian left has. Allowing them to lead the “change” towards a better society is not only doomed to failure, but would create nothing but a prison where your very thoughts will see you getting punished.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (10:27am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (10:52am)
You may disagree with this of course, but I think those that do need to realise that they are not in favour of free speech, but rather speech that they find acceptable. If we were seeking to debate, you would have to start your point with “I believe speech that I disagree with should be restricted because…”
I think if people came to the realisation that the previous sentence is a more accurate representation of their position then that may change their mind. Or perhaps they are fine with deciding what people may say and think.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (11:49am)
They have asked for nothing of the sort.
What happened to Andrew Bolt in his case was not hate speech. It was the usual suspects using a law which was intended to stop hate speech used to stifle free speech. What I always love about the left is there repeated cries they are all for free speech if people agree with them.
You just have to take a look at the climate debate to see that. They want skeptics denied access to have their views aired. Or just like with Max Brenner boycotts.
When the shoe is on the other foot they cry victim.
Your argument which is typical of this is full of emotion and not logic.
All the protections people have will still be there when 18C is repealed. Everyone will get on with their lives. Free speech is what makes solid democracy.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (12:40pm)
Fact is it is censorship and you support it because freedom of speech is not something the left like and it allows you to push your PC thuggery on us.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (03:47pm)
@Rooboy - you have no clue - read the proposal before making a fool of yourself.
@Inquisitivemind - have replied to you several times at length, but never been published. I’m disappointed about your position on lawyers and the courts, given your own personal circumstances. You need a better mentor
but with:
At the end of the day, this one is a judgement call and simply a matter of opinion.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (03:53pm)
Democracy means;
“Government of the people, by the people, for the people”
and not government of the few, by the few, for the few as it is under our current distorted democracy by the few which is an autocracy by stealth.
Am I wrong?
Wed 30 Apr 14 (08:00am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (10:26am)
Further results from the poll indicate strong opposition to the government’s policies with respect to the Racial Discrimination Act, with 88% disagreeing with the contention that it should be lawful to offend, insult or humiliate on the basis of race, as per the provisions of 18C of the act, and 59% opposed to George Brandis’s contention that people have the right to be bigots, with 34% supportive.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (10:27am)
Democracy, noun, plural democracies.
1. Government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. Harper Collins Publishers. 29 Apr. 2014.
In bold is the part you can’t seem to grasp.
We are a participatory democracy that elects representatives. Your narrow view of democracy (your beloved direct democracy) is but one type of democracy.
Your support for democracy only extends to that type which you support so isn’t support for democracy. You do not believe in democracy otherwise you would simply accept the decision of the majority who voted in a referendum to keep our type of democracy in place.
That republican referendum is a perfect example of a democratic debate that resulted in a free and proper referendum.
It didn’t give the result you wanted, it gave the result the majority wanted. Your constant failure to accept the expressed will of the majority of the people shows that you are the fascist that wants to impose what you think we ought to have.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (01:01pm)
PaulM you 100% WRONG
Democracy
from the greek
demo=people....... not a few people
kratia= power
power to the people without any preferences.
OLIGARCY:
(from Greek ????????? (oligarkhía); from ?????? (olígos), meaning “few”, and ???? (arkho), meaninga
small group of people having control of a country or organization OR a form of government in which all power is vested in a few persons or in a dominant class or clique; government by the few..
Am I wrong?
Stop playing dirty politic and please respect democracy.
No wonder the crooks are in charge to impose their dirty laws.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (02:01pm)
I guess the biggest issue I have with your comment is the bit about not accepting the will of the majority making one a fascist. Fascist parties can, in fact, be elected in a fair election. So by your logic, those who oppose the Fascist government are then fascists. I’m very uneasy about the notion that something is right just because our elected representatives say it is.
Simple reason is an old saying.
One man’s meat is another man’s poison.
Means what you think is ok is poison to someone else and since no-one can ever know what that is, then there is no way to define an insult/humiliation etc.
The only way it can be done is if we are ll drones who take proclamations from Canberra every morning as gospel, no matter how puerile it might be.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (08:02am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (11:28am)
Seems like some minority groups are just plain sooks.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (03:05pm)
“Sticks and stones may break my bones
But whips and chains excite me”
Take for example a doctor presenting a health seminar to an indigenous community. If he advised them that they should be cautious of full cream milk intake because their genetic make-up gave them a much higher probability of lactose intolerance than Europeans (85% of adult aboriginals are lactose intolerant), he might be open top prosecution if one of the audience felt offended. As I read it, offence is all that’s required to make it an offence.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (08:02am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (10:46am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (01:04pm)
Let’s keep in mind that to date it seems that one person has fallen foul of this law and as a result he feels his free speech has been impeded, can anyone cite one other person affected by the law in this way, just one?
Furthermore, he fails to admit that one of the reasons for his this is the sheer number of factual errors he made in the articles.
He just didn’t do his homework. Had he done so, things might be very different.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (08:05am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (01:04pm)
It is about time people stopped being so precious and grew up.
If I could take people to court that hurt my feelings, well gee where would I start? Maybe my brother then I could sue my parents then move on to play mates, teachers , work mates, etc etc. Who cares? Enough.
As far as having your feelings hurt because of racists, those on the receiving end should turn it around and thank the person for showing their true selves. It can take the rest of us years to find out what these people are like.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (08:05am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (09:45am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (12:09pm)
You’re being INCREDIBLY naive if you don’t think the minorities also discriminate.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (12:25pm)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (12:40pm)
Good thinking champ.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (12:40pm)
Laws already exist that protect against intimidation and threatening an individual.
Today, you give up your free speech. What will you give away tomorrow?
Wed 30 Apr 14 (12:53pm)
How about you read what Val actually wrote.
Her point was about hurt feelings. You used the words ‘intimidated’ and ‘threatened’ - not Val.
You have to be pretty dishonest (and rather stupid) to do what you just tried to do and think you wouldn’t get caught out.
..or white or Christian..?
Wed 30 Apr 14 (12:54pm)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (12:56pm)
Where did Val ever say that in their entire post?
You just as per usual read what you wanted to read and then sprouted off complete rubbish that wasn’t even mentioned in the original post.
So you are happy for people to be intimidated and threatened (before any physical violence occurs) by some bigot because they are homosexual or black or Muslim, or Jewish or......?
Just pure emotive clap trap with no reason or logic. Not once was this said.
This is why 18C is dangerous because of people like you B4Bear. It isn’t about protecting peoples rights but stopping debate on issues you may not like.
Your post really sums up your irrational thought process.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (01:03pm)
So you are happy for people to be intimidated and threatened (before any physical violence occurs) by some bigot because they are homosexual or black or Muslim, or Jewish or......?
How about white?
Wed 30 Apr 14 (01:19pm)
I would also prefer that people were taught how to behave in public as well as in private. I would prefer the enemy of good manners “political correctness” be discarded to the rubbish heap.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (01:51pm)
Anything else is lie and fraud.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (01:57pm)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (03:16pm)
Therefore by extension that includes threaten and intimidate.
Get it?
Wed 30 Apr 14 (08:17am)
In which case, are we entitled to judge Section 18c a failure?
Wed 30 Apr 14 (08:30am)
(Before I wrote this I had to check the HRC’s name and I found that the ABC is getting its knickers in a twist about some race-based groups saying that a change to 18C will - not might - lead to race riots like the one at Cronulla NINE YEARS AGO.)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (08:31am)
Aussies just don’t like bullies.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (08:35am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (09:47am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (11:14am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (12:46pm)
Nowhere near 90% support censoring opinions the way the left want to.
Why do you leftist fools claim to support freedom yet attack it at every opportunity?
It is much better that people and express their worst opinions,and be argued against then silence them, driving underground and deciding to take unsavory actions.
Less nanny laws and debate your critics rather than using the ‘state’ to silence them. Toughen up everybody.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (08:41am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (10:07am)
From Wikipedia, BTW.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (10:28am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (11:13am)
Racism is merely a meme, a tool of control.
Remember the Left are heavily into Eugenics,
and have been since before the National Socialist Hitler.
Remember too that like their Nazi predecessors, they are highly Anti-Semetic, The Left are the oldest, most totalitarian racists of all time.
So called “Racism” is really the once imperative, ability of a person to differentiate between his tribe, and everyone else’s tribe.
People are born"Racist" of necessity , The left have turned this obvious fact into a weapon.
Anyone who says that he is not a racist is at best a sincere self deceiver, and at worst a pretentious liar.
18c is childish attempt at thought control, and assuaging guilty consciences.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (08:43am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (09:29am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (12:15pm)
The far right slaughtered six out of eight million Jews during the 1940s and you have the gall to call the left anti Semitic?
Let me quote some good ole rightists and their thoughts on Jews:
“Everywhere? one sees the directing and destroying hand of Jewry!”
-Tsar Nicholas II
The German Kaiser who claimed that the revolution against him was
“egged on and misled by the tribe of Judah ... Let no German ever forget this, nor rest until these parasites have been destroyed and exterminated from German soil!”
-Kaiser Wilhelm II
“If, with the help of his Marxist creed, the Jew is victorious over the other peoples of the world, his crown will be the funeral wreath of humanity and this planet will, as it did thousands of years ago, move through the ether devoid of men.”
-Adolf Hitler
“While music is heard and our flag is raised there are wandering throughout the world the damned such as the eternal Jew, whom nobody wants because they are a Communist horde.”
-General Franco
Einstein became a committed leftist after the Second World war for a reason you know.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (12:47pm)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (03:03pm)
Churchill was an early supporter of Eugenics.
Using you logic this makes him a Socialist.
After all he did create the British welfare state between 1907-11. And he did write a book about it and propose implement higher taxes on the rich to pay for welfare services for the poor.
Like I’ve said many time MattR. History is not your friend.
Landry, the LIB member for Reid in Western Sydney is getting hammered over it.
I wouldn’t expect Wilson to have too many clues. What was the last piece of legislation he amended?
Wed 30 Apr 14 (08:50am)
But vilification of individuals purely on their race or religion, rather than being healthy debate or in ‘the public interest’, is the stuff of totalitarianism. History is littered with pogroms on ethnic and religious groups, and any law that makes those crimes easier can’t be permitted.
Bolt’s attack on identified individuals who legally took advantage of opportunities available to them was ill-considered at best, and racist at worst, because his arguments turned on race, not the merits of the individuals concerned as being eligible or competent for the positions.
While I don’t agree with all the judge’s findings, any one of the litigants could be forgiven for thinking Bolt’s views were an attack on their racial antecedents, irrespective of the identification choices available to them.
If race or religion is a factor in a matter that affects our society, let it be discussed and debated on its merits, rather than hidden, but have regard to the rights of individuals to exercise legitimate choices without fear of abuse by powerful people.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (08:53am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (10:31am)
Doh!! I should have known a BUT was coming!!!
Wed 30 Apr 14 (02:00pm)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (02:00pm)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (02:40pm)
After all, if someone says that some in a certain ethnic group is doing something bad, why would I feel bad about it if I am not doing that bad thing but belong to that ethnic group? It is obvious that that person was not talking about me.
Ergo, those who take offense at sweeping statements are GUILTY AS CHARGED!
The government really needs to keep quiet about it for the moment.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (08:55am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (09:49am)
Please.
It is much better that people and express their worst opinions,and be argued against then silence them, driving underground and deciding to take unsavory actions.
Less nanny laws and debate your critics rather than using the ‘state’ to silence them. Toughen up everybody.
Wed 30 Apr 14 (09:00am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (09:01am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (10:31am)
Wed 30 Apr 14 (12:10pm)
Why do you always twist people’s words to make it sound like we’re bullying you?
Don’t you get tired of playing the victim?
Wed 30 Apr 14 (02:21pm)